Ê×Ò³ Æ«·½ ÑøÉú ²ÝÒ© Ѩλ ·½¼Á Êé¼® ÖÐÒ© ÊÓƵ

¾±×µ²¡

ÃØ·½À¸Ä¿£º ÄÚ¿Æ Íâ¿Æ ¸¾¿Æ ÄÐ¿Æ ¿Ú ºí ±Ç ÑÛ ¶ú ¶ù¿Æ ³¦Î¸ ÃÚÄò ¸Îµ¨ ¸Ø³¦ ¹Ç¿Æ Éñ¾­ ºôÎü Ƥ·ô Ö×Áö ÃÀÈÝ ×̲¹ ÑÓÊÙ ÐÄÄÔ Ê³ÁÆ °´Ä¦ Öη½´óÈ«

¡°½î¡±Óë¡°¹Ç¡±¾±×µ²¡ÍÆÄÃÕïÁÆ¡°½î¹ÇƽºâÁÆ·¨¡±

ÖÐÒ½ÖÐÒ©ÃØ·½Íø www.xxmy.com ·¢²¼Ê±¼ä£º2018-12-18
“½î¹Çƽºâ”ÀíÂÛÔÚ¾±×µ²¡ÍÆÄÃÕïÁÆÖеÄÓ¦ÓÃ
 
ÏÖ´ú¾­¼Ã·ÉËÙ·¢Õ¹°éËæµÄÊÇÈËÃÇÔ½À´Ô½¿ìµÄÉú»î½Ú×àºÍ³¬¸ººÉµÄÉç»áѹÁ¦¡£ÎªÁË×·¸ÏÉç»áµÄ²½·¥, ÈËÃDZØÐ볤ʱ¼ä·ü°¸¹¤×÷, ÕâʹµÃ¾±×µ³ÖÐø´¦ÓÚÒÔÇü¾±ÎªÖ÷µÄ¸´ÔÓÔ˶¯Ä£Ê½¡£ÕâÖÖģʽ»áÔì³É¾±×µ¹Ø½Ú¡¢×µ¼äÅ̼°ÆäÖÜΧÈí×éÖ¯µÄËðÉË¡¢Í˱ä½ø¶øµ¼ÖÂÉñ¾­¸ù¡¢×µ¶¯¾²Âö¡¢¾±½»¸ÐÉñ¾­ÒÔ¼°¾±¶Î¼¹ËèÊܵ½Ñ¹ÆÈ»ò´Ì¼¤, ²úÉú¼Ì·¢ÐÔË𺦶øÐγɾ±×µ²¡[1]¡£¾±×µ²¡¸ù¾ÝÊÜÀÛ×éÖ¯ºÍ½á¹¹²»Í¬, ¿É·ÖΪ:¾±ÐÍ¡¢Éñ¾­¸ùÐÍ¡¢¼¹ËèÐÍ¡¢½»¸ÐÐÍ¡¢×µ¶¯ÂöÐÍ[2]¡£¾±×µ²¡µÄ·¢Éú´ó¶à¼¯ÖÐÔÚ¹ý¶ÈÓþ±ÈËȺ, ÆäÖвÆÎñ»á¼ÆÈËÔ±¡¢¼¼ÊõÔ±ºÍ¸É²¿·¢²¡Âʽϸߡ£³¤Ê±¼äÇ¿ÆÈÌåλ¹¤×÷¡¢È±·¦Ô˶¯¶ÍÁ¶ÒÔ¼°Ë¯×˲»Á¼µÈÒòËص¼Ö¾±Ð;±×µ²¡·¢²¡Âʲ»¶ÏÉý¸ß¡¢·¢²¡ÄêÁäÒ²Öð½¥³ÊÏÖÄêÇữµÄÇ÷ÊÆ[3]¡£
 
ÖÐÒ½ÎÞ“¾±×µ²¡”ÕâÒ»²¡Ãû, ¾ÍÁÙ´²±íÏÖ¶øÑÔ, ÊôÖÐҽѧ“±ÔÖ¤”“¾±ÏîÍ´”“¼ç±ÛÍ´”“Ïî±Ô”“ÏîÇ¿”µÈ·¶³ë[4]¡£µøÆËËðÉË¡¢·ü°¸Ê±¼ä¹ý³¤µÈµ¼Ö¾±²¿½î¹ÇÊÜËð¡¢¾­Âö±Ô×è¶ø·¢Îª±¾²¡[5]¡£½î¹ÇÊǸ´ÔÓ²¢´¦ÓÚ¶¯Ì¬Æ½ºâµÄÔ˶¯ÏµÍ³µÄ×ܳơ£ÖÐÒ½ÈÏΪ:½îÊø¹Ç, ¹ÇÕŽî;¹ÇΪ¸É, ½îΪ¸Õ¡£½îÓë¹Ç¾ùΪÎåÌåÖ®Ò», ¶þÕß¹ØϵÃܲ»¿É·Ö¡£ÉúÀíÉÏ, ½îÓë¹Ç´¦ÓÚÒ»ÖÖƽºâ״̬, ¼´½î¹Çƽºâ;Ò»µ©±»´òÆÆ, ÔòÐγÉÒ»ÖÖ²¡Àí״̬, ¼´½î¹Çʧºâ¡£½î¹Çʧºâ¶Ô¾±Ð;±×µ²¡µÄ·¢ÉúÆð×ÅÖØÒªµÄ×÷ÓÃ, ¹Å¼®ÖжàÓмÇÔØ:¡¶ÁéÊà·¾­½î¡·ËùÔ»:“×ãÌ«ÑôÖ®½î……Æ䲡……¼¹·´ÕÛ, Ïî½î¼±, ¼ç²»¾Ù……ÃûÔ»ÖÙ´º±ÔÒ²”;¡¶Ö¤ÖÎ×¼Éþ¡·ÔÆ:“¾±ÏîÇ¿¼±Ö®Ö¤, ¶àÓÉа¿Í¶þÑô¾­Ò², º®²«Ôò½î¼±, ·ç²«Ôò½î³Ú”;¡¶Ò½×Ú½ð¼ø¡·ÔÆ:“ÃæÑöÍ·²»ÄÜÖØ, »ò½î³¤¹Ç´í”¡£
 
“½î”Ó듹ǔ
¡¶Ã²ÎÄ¡·Ô»:“½î……´ÓÈâ´ÓÁ¦´ÓÖñ¡£Öñ, ÎïÖ®¶à½îÕß”¡£Óɴ˿ɼû, “½î”, ´Ó“Öñ”¡¢´Ó“Á¦”¡¢´Ó“Ô”, ±íÃ÷½îÊÇÖ¸ÓÐÖñ½ÚÑùÍâÐÎÇÒÄܲúÉúÁ¦Á¿µÄ¼¡Èâ×éÖ¯, ¹Ê¡¶ËµÎĽâ×Ö¡·ÔÆ:“½î, ÈâÖ®Á¦Ò²”¡£ÏÖ´ú×¢½âΪ“½î, ¼¡ÈâµÄÁ¦Á¿À´Ô´”¡£Ñ§Õ߶ÔÓÚ½îµÄÀí½â²»¾¡Ïàͬ, ÓÐÔÆÆäÊô¾­ÂçϵͳÔÚÖ«ÌåÍâÖÜÁ¬ÊôµÄ¼¡Èâ¡¢½îëì¡¢½îĤ¡¢ÏµÄ¤µÈ×éÖ¯;»òÔÆÆäΪÉñ¾­ÄË»òÒ»ÖÖÏà¶Ô¶ÀÁ¢µÄÑ­ÐÐϵͳ¡£±ÊÕßÈÏΪ, ½îµÄ×é֯ʵÖÊ¿É´ÓÆ书ÄܽøÐз´ÍÆ¡£¡¶ÔÓ²¡Ô´Á÷ϬÖò·½î¹ÇƤë·¢²¡Ô´Á÷¡·½«½îµÄÖ÷Òª¹¦ÄÜÃèÊöÈçÏÂ:“½îÒ²Õß, ËùÒÔÊø½ÚÂç¹Ç, ΪһÉíÖ®¹ØŦ, ÀûÈ«ÌåÖ®Ô˶¯ÕßÒ²”¡£Óɴ˿ɼû, ½î¾ßÓÐÁ¦Ñ§ÐÔÄÜ, Ö÷Òª¹¦ÓÃÊÇÁ¬Êô¹Ø½Ú, Ö÷˾¹Ø½ÚÔ˶¯¡£¾ÍÆ书ÄܶøÑÔÓ¦¸Ã°üÀ¨Á¬Êô¸÷¹Ç÷À¹Ø½ÚµÄ½îÈâ×éÖ¯ (¼¡Èâ¡¢½î¼ü¡¢½îĤ¡¢ÏµÄ¤µÈ) , ÆäʵÖÊÓ뼡Èâ¡¢¼¡ëì¡¢½îĤ¡¢ÈÍ´øÄËÖÁÉñ¾­µÈ×éÖ¯ÃÜÇÐÏà¹Ø[6,7]¡£
 
¹Ç, °üÀ¨¹Ç÷ÀÓë¹Ø½Ú¡£ÖÐÒ½½îÉËѧÈÏΪ, ¾±²¿µÄ“¹Ç”Ö÷Ҫָ׵Ì弰С¹Ø½ÚµÈ¹Ç×éÖ¯[7]¡£¡¶ÁéÊà·¾­Âö¡·Ô»:“¹ÇΪ¸É, ÂöΪӪ, ½îΪ¸Õ, ÈâΪǽ”¡£¡¶ËØÎÊ·ÂöÒª¾«Î¢ÂÛ¡·Ô»:“¹ÇÕßËèÖ®¸®, ²»ÄܾÃÁ¢, ÐÐÔòÕñµô, ¹Ç½«±¹ÒÓ”¡£Óɴ˿ɼû, ¹Ç×÷ΪÈËÌåµÄÖ÷Òª¹¹¼Ü, ¼È¿ÉÖ§³ÖÐÎÌå, ÓÖÄܱ£»¤ÄÚÔà¡£³ý´ËÖ®Íâ, ¹Ç¹Ø½ÚÔÚÔ˶¯¹ý³ÌÖÐÒ²·¢»Ó×ÅÖØÒªµÄ×÷Óá£
 
“½î¹Çƽºâ”ÊǾ±×µ½¡¿µµÄ»ù±¾Ìõ¼þ
 
¾±×µ²ÎÓëÍ·¾±²¿µÄ»î¶¯²¢×÷Ϊͷ²¿µÄÖ÷Òª³ÐÖز¿Î», ÆäÉúÀí½¡¿µ×´Ì¬Óë½î¹ÇƽºâÓÐ×ÅÃÜÇеĹØϵ¡£½î¸½ÓÚ¹ÇÉÏ, ´ó½îÁªÂç¹Ø½Ú, С½î¸½ÓÚ¹ÇÍâ¡£½îÊø¹Ç, ¹ÇÕŽî, ½îÓë¹ÇÏ໥Á¬½Ó¡¢ÏศÏà³É¡£½îΪ¾±²¿»î¶¯µÄ¶¯Á¦ºÍŦ´ø, ¹ÇΪ¾±²¿µÄÖ§¼Ü¡£¹Ç¿¿½îµÄÉìÕ¹ºÍÊÕËõʵÏÖλÒÆÔ˶¯¹¦ÄÜ, ½î¿¿¹ÇµÄÖ§³ÅºÍ³ÐÔØЭÖú¾±²¿¸÷ÖÖÔ˶¯¡£¾±×µÒ»ÏµÁи´ÔÓµÄÉúÀí»î¶¯, °üÀ¨Çü¡¢Éì¡¢Ðýת¶¼Ð蓽î”Ó듹ǔ´¦ÓÚÒ»ÖÖ¶¯Ì¬Æ½ºâ, ¼´“½î¹Çƽºâ”¡£ÖÐÒ½Öβ¡Ç¿µ÷ÕûÌå±æÖ¤ºÍ¾Ö²¿±æÖ¤Ïà½áºÏ, ½îÓë¹ÇÔÚÉúÀíÉÏÏ໥ΪÓÃ, ½î¹ÇÔÚÔ˶¯Öб£³Öƽºâ, ²ÅÄÜʹÔอ½î¹Ç¸÷˾ÆäÖ°, ¹²Í¬Íê³É¹Ø½ÚµÄÉúÀí¹¦ÄÜ[8];·´Ö®, ½î¹Çƽºâʧµ÷, Ôò»á³öÏÖ“½î³ö²Û¡¢¹Ç´í·ì”µÄ²¡Àí״̬¡£ËùÒÔ, ½î¹ÇƽºâÊǾ±×µ½¡¿µµÄ»ù±¾Ìõ¼þ, Ò²ÊǾ±×µ½¡¿µµÄ±êÖ¾¡£
 
1.¾±×µ“½î¹Çƽºâ”ÖÐÒ½ÀíÂÛËÝÔ´ÖÐҽѧÈÏΪ, ÈËÌåµÄ¾±²¿Ô˶¯ÌåϵÓɾ­½îϵͳÓë¹Ç÷Àϵͳ¹¹³É, Á½¸öϵͳÏ໥ͳһ¡£½î¶Ô¹ÇµÄ×÷ÓÃÌåÏÖÔÚ3¸ö·½Ãæ, Ê×ÏÈÊÇ“Êø¹Ç”¼´Á¬½Ó¡¢Ô¼Êø¾±×µ, ÇÒ¶¼¾Û¼¯ÔÚ¾±×µ¹Ø½ÚÖÜΧ¡£ÕýÈ硶ÔÓ²¡Ô´Á÷ϬÖò·½î¹ÇƤë·¢²¡Ô´Á÷¡·Ö¸³ö:“½îÒ²Õß, ËùÒÔÊø½ÚÂç¹Ç, ΪһÉíÖ®¹ØŦ, ÀûÈ«ÌåÖ®Ô˶¯ÕßÒ²”¡£¡¶ËØÎÊ·Îå²ØÉú³Éƪ¡·ÖГÖî½îÕß½ÔÊôÓÚ½Ú”¡£Æä´ÎÊÇ“Àû»ú¹Ø”¼´¿ØÖƹؽÚÔ˶¯, ½î¸½ÓÚ¹ÇÉÏ, ͨ¹ý½îÊÕËõÓëÊæÕÅ, ¶Ô¹Ç÷À²úÉúÔ¼Êø, ²úÉú¸÷ÖÖÔ˶¯¡£ÕýÈ硶ÁéÊà·¾­Âö¡·Ö¸³ö:“¹ÇΪ¸É, ÂöΪӪ, ½îΪ¸Õ, ÈâΪǽ”, ¡¶ËØÎÊ·ðôÂÛƪ¡·ÔòÖ¸³ö:“×Ú½îÖ÷Êø¹Ç¶øÀû¹Ø½Ú”¡£ÔÙÕßÊDZ£»¤¾±×µ, ά³ÖÆ书ÄÜ¡£¡¶Àྭ¡·Ô»:“½îÓиÕÈá, ¸ÕÕßËùÒÔÊø¹Ç, ÈáÕßËùÒÔÏàά, ÒàÓ̾­Ö®ÓÐÂÔ, ¸ÙÖ®Óмͅ…µ«ÊÖ×ãÊ®¶þ¾­Ö®½îÓÖ¸÷Óв»Í¬Õß, ÈçÊÖ×ãÈýÑôÐÐÓÚÍâ, Æä½î¶à¸Õ, ÊÖ×ãÈýÒõÐÐÓÚÄÚ, Æä½î¶àÈá”, Ö¸³öÁËÈËÌ岻ͬ²¿Î»¾­½îµÄ¸ÕÈáÌØÐÔ²»Í¬, Íâ¸ÕÄÚÈá, ÒõÑôЭµ÷, Ï໥ЭÖú, ¹²´ï“Êø¹Ç¶øÀû¹Ø½Ú”֮Ч¡£¹Ç¶Ô½îÔòÖ÷ÒªÆðµ½Ö§³ÅÓ븽×Å×÷Ó᣽ÓÚ¹Ç, ¹ÇÁ¬×Žî, ½îÓë¹ÇÏ໥Á¬½Ó¡¢Ï໥ͳһ¡£¹ÇÒÔ½îµÄÊÕËõΪ¶¯Á¦ÊµÏÖ¾±×µµÄÉúÀí·¶Î§Äڵĸ÷ÖÖ¹¦Äܻ, ½î¿¿¹ÇµÄÖ§³ÅºÍ³ÐÔØЭÖúÉíÌå¸÷ÖÖÔ˶¯[9]¡£¾±²¿½î¹ÇÊǾ±²¿Ô˶¯ºÍ×ËÊÆά³ÖµÄ¶¯Ì¬ÕûÌå, Ö»Óо±²¿½î¹Çƽºâ, ²ÅÄÜÐγɡ¶ËØÎÊ·ÉúÆøͨÌìÂÛ¡·ËùÑԵē¹ÇÕý½îÈᔵĵ÷ºÍ״̬, ²ÅÄÜά³Ö¾±×µµÄÕý³£ÉúÀí¹¦ÄÜ¡£
 
2.¾±×µ“½î¹Çƽºâ”ÏÖ´úÀíÂÛËÝÔ´¾±×µÓÉ×µ¹Ç¡¢×µ¼äÅ̼°Æ丽ÊôÈÍ´ø×é³É¡£×µ¹Ç¹¹³É¾±×µµÄ¸ÕÐԹǼÜ, ×µ¼äÅÌÆðÁ¬½ÓºÍ»º³å×÷ÓÃ, ÈÍ´øÔ¼Êø¹Ø½Ú»î¶¯, ÈýÕß¹²Í¬Î¬³Ö¾±×µµÄÎȶ¨¡£¾±×µµÄÎȶ¨ÐÔ¶ÔÓÚÁ¦µÄ³ÐÔØ¡¢ÉúÀíÔ˶¯¼°±ÜÃâËðÉ˺ÍÌÛÍ´¾ßÓÐÖØÒªÒâÒå[10]¡£¾±×µµÄÎȶ¨ÐÔÓÉÁ½¸ö²¿·Ö¾ö¶¨:¼´ÄÚÔ´ÐÔÎȶ¨½á¹¹ºÍÍâÔ´ÐÔÎȶ¨½á¹¹[11]¡£ÄÚÔ´ÐÔÎȶ¨½á¹¹°üÀ¨×µÌå¡¢×µ¼äÅÌ¡¢¹Ø½ÚÄÒÒÔ¼°ÓëÖ®Á¬½ÓµÄÈÍ´ø, Õⲿ·Ö½á¹¹Îª¾±×µµÄÎȶ¨ÌṩÁ˾²Ì¬Æ½ºâÌõ¼þ¡£¾±¹ÇÓÉ×µÌå¡¢×µ¹­×é³É¡£ÉúÀí״̬Ͼ±×µÇú¶ÈÏòÇ°¡£ÓÐʵÑéÑо¿±íÃ÷, ¼¹ÖùµÄÉúÀíÍäÇú¿ÉÔöÇ¿¼¹Öù¶ÔÖáÏòѹÁ¦µÄµÖ¿¹ÄÜÁ¦[12]¡£ÉúÎïÁ¦Ñ§Ñо¿·¢ÏÖ, ¾±×µ×µ¼äÅÌÍ˱估°é·¢µÄ¹ÇÐÔ²¡±ä (¾²Á¦Æ½ºâ״̬µÄ´òÆÆ) ÊǾ±×µ²¡·¢²¡µÄÖ÷ÒªÔ­Òò¼°²¡Àíѧ»ù´¡[13]¡£ÍâÔ´ÐÔÎȶ¨½á¹¹Ö÷ÒªÊǸ½×ÅÓÚ¾±×µµÄ¾±²¿¼¡Èâ¡£Õⲿ·Ö½á¹¹Îª¾±×µµÄÎȶ¨ÌṩÁ˶¯Ì¬Æ½ºâÌõ¼þ¡£¾±×µÖÜΧ¼¡ÈâÊǾ±×µÎȶ¨µÄÖØÒªÒòËØ, ÔÚÉúÀí״̬ÏÂÒÀ¿¿×ÔÉíµÄÕÅÁ¦Î¬³Ö¾±×µµÄ×Ë̬, ͬʱ±£Ö¤×µ¹ÇÉúÀí·¶Î§Äڵijä·Ö»î¶¯;ÊÜÁ¦Ê±ÔòÒÔÖ÷¶¯ÊÕËõά³Ö¾±×µµÄÎȶ¨[14]¡£¾±×µÖÜΧ¼¡ÈâÁ¦Ñ§ÐÔÄܵĽµµÍ¿ÉÒÔµ¼Ö¾±×µÍâÔ´ÐÔÎȶ¨µÄÆÆ»µ, ²¢Ó°Ïì¾±×µ¹Ø½ÚµÄÕý³£Î»ÖÃ, ½øÒ»²½¼ÓÖØ×µ¼äÅ̺;±×µ¹Ø½ÚµÄÍ˱ä, Ó°Ïì¾±×µµÄÄÚÔ´ÐÔÎȶ¨¡£
 
×ÛÉÏËùÊö, ¾±²¿“½î”Ó듹ǔ·Ö±ðÆ𵽶¯Á¦Æ½ºâºÍ¾²Á¦Æ½ºâµÄ×÷ÓÃ, ¶þÕ߽ṹÉÏÏ໥Á¬½Ó, ¹¦ÄÜÉÏÏ໥Эµ÷, ¹²Í¬Î¬³Ö¾±×µµÄÉúÀí»î¶¯¼°Æ½ºâÎȶ¨¡£
 
“½î¹Çʧºâ”ÊǾ±Ð;±×µ²¡·¢ÉúµÄÖ÷Òª²¡»ú
 
ÉúÀí״̬ÏÂ, “½î”Ó듹ǔ¸÷˾ÆäÖ°, ά³Ö¾±×µ¸÷ÏîÉúÀí¹¦Äܻ¡£½îºÍ¹ÇÈκÎÒ»·½ÔâÊÜÆÆ»µ, ¾ù¿ÉÒýÆð»òÓÕ·¢¾±×µÕý³£Æ½ºâ״̬µÄ´òÆÆ´Ó¶øÐγɽî¹ÇʧºâµÄ²¡Àí״̬¡£ÖÐҽѧÖг£¼ûµÄ½î¹Çʧºâ״̬ÓГ½î³ö²Û”ºÍ“¹Ç´í·ì”, “½î³ö²Û”ºÍ“¹Ç´í·ì”ÊǾ±×µ²¡·¢ÉúµÄ²¡»ú¹Ø¼ü¡£
 
1.“½î³ö²Û”“½î³ö²Û”¼´½îʧºâ, ÊÇÖ¸½îµÄÐÎ̬½á¹¹¡¢¿Õ¼äλÖûò¹¦Äܻ·¢ÉúÒì³£¸Ä±ä, ±íÏÖΪ½îÇ¿¡¢½îÍá¡¢½î¶Ï¡¢½î×ß¡¢½î´Ö¡¢½î·­¡¢½î³Ú¡¢½î×Ý¡¢½î¾í¡¢½îÂΡ¢½îת¡¢½îÀë¡¢½î³¤¡¢½îËõµÈ¶àÖÖÐÎʽ¡£¡¶ÁéÊà·¾­½î¡·ÔÆ:“¾­½îÖ®²¡, º®Ôò·´Õ۽, ÈÈÔò³Ú×ݲ»ÊÕ, Òõðô²»Óá£Ñô¼±Ôò·´ÕÛ, Òõ¼±Ôò¸©²»É씡£¡¶ËØÎÊ·ÉúÆøͨÌìÂÛ¡·ÔÆ:“ʪÈȲ»ÈÁ, ´ó½îÈí¶Ì, С½î³Ú³¤, Èí¶ÌΪ¾Ð, ³Ú³¤Îªðô”¡£ÕâÊÇ“¾­½î²¡”µÄÖ÷ÒªÌصã, Ö÷ÒªÊÇÔÚ¾­½î·Ö²¼Ö®´¦µÄ½îÈâÂμ±¡¢³¸Òý¡¢±ÔÍ´¡¢×ª½î¡¢Ç¿Ö±¡¢³Ú»ºµÈ, ºÍ¾±Ð;±×µ²¡µÄÐí¶àÖ¢×´ÏàÎǺϡ£“½î³ö²Û”·¢²¡Ô­Òò¶àÖÖ¶àÑù, »òÒòÀÍÒÝʧ¶È¡¢ÍâÁ¦ËðÉË, »òÒò“¹Ç´í·ì”Ôì³É“½î³ö²Û”, µ«Æä¸ù±¾²¡»úÄËΪ½î¹Çʧºâ¡£¾±²¿ÌÛÍ´ÒÔ¼°¾±×µÖÜΧ¼¡ÈâµÄÀÍËðºÍ¾·ÂÎÊǾ±×µ²¡µÄ³£¼ûÁÙ´²±íÏÖ[15], ¹Ê“½î³ö²Û”ÔÚ¾±×µ²¡µÄ·¢Éú·¢Õ¹¼°ÖÎÁÆת¹éÉÏÓÐ×ÅÖØÒªµÄµØλ¡£
 
2.“¹Ç´í·ì”“¹Ç´í·ì”¼´¹Çʧºâ, ÊÇÖ¸¹Ç¹Ø½ÚÕý³£µÄ¼ä϶»òÏà¶ÔλÖùØϵ·¢ÉúÁËϸ΢µÄÒì³£¸Ä±ä, ²¢ÒýÆð¹Ø½Ú»î¶¯·¶Î§ÊÜÏÞ[16]¡£ÖÐҽѧÖжԓ¹Ç´í·ì”µÄÃèÊöÓГ¹Ç·ì¿ª´í”“¹Ç·ì²Î²î”“¹Ç½Ú¼ä΢ÓдíÂä²»ºÏ·ìÕß”µÈ¡£¡¶Ò½×Ú½ð¼ø·Õý¹ÇÐÄ·¨ÒªÖ¼¡·ÔØÆäÁÙ´²±íÏÖΪ“Èô¼¹×µ½î¡Æð, ¹Ç·ì±Ø´í, Ôò²»¿ÉÄܸ©Ñö”, “ÓÃÊÖϸϸÃþÆäËùÉËÖ®´¦, »ò¹Ç¶Ï¡¢¹ÇËé¡¢¹ÇÍá¡¢¹ÇÕû¡¢¹ÇÈí¡¢¹ÇÓ²”¡£¾±×µÈÝÒ׳öÏÖ“¹Ç´í·ì”ºÍÆä½âÆÊÌصãÃÜÇÐÏà¹Ø¡£¾±×µµÄ¹Ø½ÚÍ»¹Ø½ÚÊÇÓÉÏàÁÚµÄÉÏλ׵¹ÇµÄϹؽÚÍ»ºÍÏÂλ׵¹ÇµÄÉϹؽÚÍ»×é³ÉµÄƽÃ滬ĤÐԹؽÚ, ¾±×µµÄ¹Ø½ÚÍ»¹Ø½ÚÄÒÌر𱡶øËɳÚ[17]¡£¾±×µ×µ¼ä¹Ø½ÚµÄÅÅÁÐʹËüÄܹ»Ç°ºóÇüÉì¡¢²àÍäºÍÐýת[18]¡£ÕâЩ¹Ø½ÚÍ»¹Ø½Úµ÷½Ú¼¹ÖùµÄÔ˶¯, ²¢ÇÒÔÚ¼¹ÖùµÄÎȶ¨ÐÔ·½Ãæ°çÑÝÁËÖØÒªµÄ½ÇÉ«, ³ÐÔش󲿷ֵļôÁ¦ºÍ16%µÄѹӦÁ¦[19]¡£ÓÉÓÚС¹Ø½Ú³ÐÔØÄÜÁ¦ºÍÆä¿ÉÄܻ·¶Î§µÄÌصã, ʹÆäÈÝÒ×·¢Éú“¹Ç´í·ì”Ó°Ïì¾±×µÄÚÔ´ÐÔÎȶ¨¡£ÁÙ´²Éϳ£¼ûµÄÉñ¾­¸ùÐÍ¡¢×µ¶¯ÂöÐÍÒÔ¼°¼¹ËèÐ;±×µ²¡¾ùÊôÓÚ´ËÀà¡£
 
3.“½î³ö²Û”ºÍ“¹Ç´í·ì”µÄÏ໥ӰÏì½î¹ÇʧºâÊǾ±×µ²¡µÄÖ÷Òª²¡»ú¡£ÁÙ´²ÉÏ, “½î³ö²Û”Õß, δ±Ø“¹Ç´í·ì”, µ«“¹Ç´í·ì”Ôò±ØÓГ½î³ö²Û”¡£“½î³ö²Û”²»ÄÜ“Àû¹Ø½Ú”, Ôò¾±×µÔ˶¯Ê§µ÷, Èվÿɷ¢Éú´«±ä, ±í²¡¼°Àï, ½î²¡Èë¹Ç, ½ø¶ø²»ÄÜ“Êø¹Ç”, µ¼Ö¹Dz»Õý, ¼´“¹Ç´í·ì”¡£“¹Ç´í·ì”±íÏÖΪ¾±×µ¹ÇÓë¹Ø½ÚµÄ¸Ä±ä¡¢¾±×µ×µÌåʧºâ, ¿É³öÏÖÉñ¾­Óë¼¹ËèµÄѹÆȼ°´Ì¼¤, ½ø¶øÒýÆð¼¡Èâ¾·ÂÎ, ¼ÓÖؽîÉË¡£“½î³ö²Û”µ½Ò»¶¨³Ì¶ÈÖð½¥µ¼Ö“¹Ç´í·ì”“¹Ç´í·ì”·´¹ýÀ´¼ÓÖØ“½î³ö²Û”, Èç´Ë·´¸´, ¶ñÐÔÑ­»·, ²¡ÇéÖðÖØ¡£ÓÐÑо¿±íÃ÷, ͨ¹ýÀëÌå¼°Ä£Äâ°ëÔÚÌåʵÑé·¢ÏÖ¾±É켡Ⱥ¿ÉÒÔ·Öµ£¾±×µµÄ²¿·ÖÓ¦Á¦, ¼õ»º¾±×µ¼äÅÌ¡¢Ð¡¹Ø½ÚµÈ¾±×µ½á¹¹µÄÍ˱ä½ø³Ì[20]¡£½î¹ÇʧºâÇé¿öÏÂ, ¾±×µ½Ú¶Î¿É·¢Éú²»¿É¿ØÖƵÄÔ˶¯²¢°éËæ·¢ÉúÈí×éÖ¯ËðÉË[21]¡£¾±²¿µÄ´ó²¿·Ö¼¡ÈâµÄÆðÖ¹µã¶¼ºÍ¾±×µµÄºáÍ»¡¢¼¬Í»Ïà¹Ø, ¾±×µ³öÏÖ“¹Ç´í·ì”, ¹Ø½Ú¹¦ÄÜ״̬µÄÒì³£±ä»¯Ò²»á¸Ä±ä¾±²¿¼¡ÈâµÄÓ¦Á¦·½Ïò, ʹ¾±×µÍâÔ´ÐÔÎȶ¨Ê§ºâ¡£×ÛÉÏËùÊö, “½î³ö²Û¡¢¹Ç´í·ì”µ¼ÖµĽî¹ÇʧºâÔÚ¾±×µ²¡µÄ·¢²¡ÖоßÓм«ÆäÖØÒªµÄµØλ¡£
 
“½î¹Çƽºâ”ÀíÂÛÔÚ¾±×µ²¡ÍÆÄÃÕïÁÆÖеÄÔËÓÃ
 
ÖÐҽѧ“½î³ö²Û”ºÍ“¹Ç´í·ì”µÄ“½î¹Çƽºâ”ÀíÂÛΪÍÆÄÃÁÆ·¨ÖÎÁƾ±×µ²¡ÌṩÁËÀíÂÛ»ù´¡[22]¡£ÖÐÒ½ÍÆÄÃÕïÁƽ²¾¿±æÖ¤ÂÛÖÎ, Ç¿µ÷“½÷Êز¡»ú, ²ìÒõÑôËùÔÚ¶øµ÷Ö®, ÒÔƽΪÆÚ”, ·Ç³£ÖØÊÓ½îºÍ¹ÇÖ®¼äµÄ¹Øϵ, ÈÏΪ½îΪ¹ÇÓÃ, ¹Ç²¡Öνî[23]¡£ËùÒÔÔÚ¾±×µ²¡µÄÍÆÄÃÕïÁƹý³ÌÖÐ, Ó¦¸ÃÖصã¶Ô“½î¹Çƽºâ”״̬½øÐÐÆÀ¹À¡£ÍÆÄÃÒ½Éú¿Éͨ¹ýÊÖÃþÐĻᡢÏÖ´úÌå¸ñ¼ì²é²¢½áºÏÓ°Ïñѧ¼ì²é½øÐÐ×ÛºÏÅж¨¡£Èô»¼ÕßÖ÷Òª±íÏÖΪ¾±²¿¼¡ÈâÀÍËð¡¢¾·ÂΡ¢ÌÛÍ´µÈ, Ò½Éú´¥Õﲢδ·¢ÏÖ×µ¼äÎÉÂÒ, ͬʱ²»°éÓÐÓ°Ïñѧ¹ÇÐԸıä, ͨ³£ÊôÓÚÏÖ´úҽѧµÄ¾±Ð;±×µ²¡¡£´ËÀàÐ;±×µ²¡ÓëÖÐÒ½ÃèÊöµÄ“½î³ö²Û”¹ØϵÃÜÇÐ, ͨ³£²ÉÓÃÀí½îÊÖ·¨¸ÉÔ¤¡£Àí½îÖ÷Òª²ÉÓõ¯²¦¡¢µã°´µÈÊÖ·¨ÒÔ»îѪֹʹ¡¢·ÖÀëÕ³Á¬, ´ïµ½½îËÉʹֹĿµÄ¡£Àí½îÊÖ·¨²Ù×÷ʱӦ×öµ½“³Ö¾Ã¡¢ÓÐÁ¦¡¢ÈáºÍ¡¢¾ùÔÈ¡¢Éî͸”[24]¡£“¹Ç´í·ì”ÔòÖصãÕû¹Ç¡£ÁÙ´²Öг£¼ûµÄ¾±×µÇú¶È¸Ä±ä¡¢×µ¼ä¹Ø½ÚʧÎÈ¡¢Í»³ö¡¢Ñ¹Æȵȶ¼ÊôÓÚ“¹Ç´í·ì”¸Ä±ä, ÁÙ´²Öг£ÓÉÒ½Éú´¥Õï½áºÏÓ°Ïñ¼ì²é¼ÓÒÔÕï¶Ï¡£´ËÀ໼Õ߽϶àÊôÓÚÏÖ´úҽѧÖеÄÉñ¾­¸ùÐÍ¡¢×µ¶¯ÂöÐÍ¡¢¼¹ËèÐ;±×µ²¡¡£ÁÙ´²Ó¦Í¨¹ý¸÷ÖÖÔ˶¯¹Ø½ÚÀàÊÖ·¨ÒԸıä¹Ø½Ú¡¢Í»³öÓëÊÜѹ×éÖ¯Ö®¼äλÖùØϵ, °ïÖú»Ö¸´×µÌåÎȶ¨, ´ïµ½¹ÇÕý¡¢½îÈᡢʹÏûµÄÄ¿µÄ¡£Õû¹Ç²Ù×÷ʱӦ×öµ½“ÎÈ¡¢×¼¡¢ÇÉ¡¢¿ì”¡£Èô½î¹Çͬ²¡ÔòÕû¹ÇÓëÀí½î²¢ÖØ¡£Õû¹Ç¿ÉÒÔµ÷Õû¼¹ÖùµÄ¾²Á¦ÐÔƽºâ, ËɽîÔò¿Éµ÷½Ú¼¹ÖùµÄ¶¯Á¦ÐÔƽºâ, ¶þÕßÏศÏà³É, Ï໥ÅäºÏ, ¹²Í¬Æð×÷Óá£ÁÙ´²Ó¦ÖØÊÓ“½î¹Çƽºâ”ÀíÂÛ, ¾ÀÕý“¹Ç´í·ì¡¢½î³ö²Û”µÄ½î¹Çʧºâ״̬, ÖØËÜ“¹ÇÕŽî, ½îÊø¹Ç”½î¹Çƽºâ״̬¡£Óɴ˿ɼû, ¾±×µ²¡ÕïÁƼ°ÁÆЧÅж¨¾ùÀë²»¿ª“½î¹Çƽºâ”ÀíÂÛ¡£
 
С½á
½üÄêÀ´, ¾±×µ²¡µÄ·¢²¡ÂÊÖð½¥Ôö¼Ó, ·¢Õ¹ÖÁºóÆÚ½«»áÑÏÖØÓ°Ï컼ÕßµÄÉú»îÖÊÁ¿¡£Òò´Ë, ·ÀÖ¹¾±×µ²¡µÄ·¢Éú¡¢·¢Õ¹¿Ì²»ÈÝ»º¡£ÍÆÄÃ×÷ΪÖÐÒ½Ò©ÖÎÁƵÄÖØÒªÊÖ¶Î, ¸ÉÔ¤¾±×µ²¡ÁÆЧÏÔÖø¡£¾±²¿½î¹Çʧºâ״̬¼´“½î³ö²Û”ºÍ“¹Ç´í·ì”ÊǾ±×µ²¡·¢ÉúµÄÖ÷Òª²¡»ú¡£ÔÚ¾±×µ²¡Õï¶ÏÖÐ, Ó¦¸ÃÔËÓô«Í³ÖÐÒ½ÍÆÄÃÕï¶ÏÖеÄÊÖÃþÐÄ»á½áºÏÏÖ´úҽѧӰÏñ¼ì²âµÄ·½·¨¶Ô¾±×µ²¡µÄ½î¹Ç״̬½øÐÐÆÀ¹À, Ã÷È·½îʧºâºÍ¹ÇʧºâµÄ³Ì¶ÈÇáÖØ¡£¶ÔÓÚ±íÏÖΪ¾±²¿¼¡ÈâÀÍËð¡¢¾·ÂΡ¢ÌÛÍ´²»°éÓÐÓ°Ïñ¹ÇÐԸıäÕß, ÖØÓõ㰴¡¢µ¯²¦µÈÀí½îÊÖ·¨¡£¶ÔÓÚÉñ¾­¸ùÐÍ¡¢×µ¶¯ÂöÐÍ¡¢¼¹ËèÐ;±×µ²¡µÈ±íÏÖΪ¹Ç¹Ø½Ú±¾Éí»ò¹Ø½ÚÓëÖÜΧ×éÖ¯Ïà¶ÔλÖøıäµÄ¼²²¡, ÖØÓÃÔ˶¯¹Ø½Ú¡¢°â·¨µÈÕû¹ÇÊÖ·¨¡£Í¨¹ýÍÆÄÃÀí½îÓëÕû¹Ç, ÖØËܾ±²¿½î¹Çƽºâ״̬¡£
 
²Î¿¼ÎÄÏ×
[1]·¶Î¬½¿, ¶ÅÁ¼½Ü.¾±×µÊ§ÎÈÓë×µ»ùµ×¶¯Âö¹©Ñª²»×ãÏà¹ØÐÔµÄÑо¿½øÕ¹.¾±ÑüÍ´ÔÓÖ¾, 2014, 35 (3) :213-216
[2]Íõ¾þÁ¼, ¹Ë·Ç.½üÊ®Äê¾±Ð;±×µ²¡Ñо¿×ÛÊö.¾±ÑüÍ´ÔÓÖ¾, 2014, 35 (3) :211-213
[3]Ѧº£Ñà.ϵͳ»¯»¤Àí¸ÉÔ¤¶Ô¾±Ð;±×µ²¡»¼ÕßÖÎÁÆÒÀ´ÓÐÔµÄÓ°Ïì.ÁÉÄþÖÐÒ½ÔÓÖ¾, 2012, 39 (3) :539-541
[4]¶¡º£ÌÎ, ÍõÇ츦, ÌÆѧÕÂ, µÈ.¸©ÎÔ°ÎÉì΢µ÷·¨ÖÎÁÆÉñ¾­¸ùÐ;±×µ²¡.ÖлªÖÐÒ½Ò©ÔÓÖ¾, 2016, 31 (6) :2139-2142
[5]ÎÌÎÄË®, ÁÖÓñ·Ò, ÎâǦ̸, µÈ.¶Ì¸Ü¸Ë΢µ÷ÊÖ·¨½áºÏˮͻѨλעÉäÖÎÁÆÖØÖ¢Éñ¾­¸ùÐ;±×µ²¡32Àý.ÊÀ½çÖÐÒ½Ò©, 2010, 5 (2) :103-104
[6]ÍõÓÀÖ¾, ¶­¸£»Û, ÖÓºì¸Õ, µÈ.Õ뵶ËɽⷨÖÎÁƵÚ3Ñü×µºáÍ»×ÛºÏÕ÷µÄËæ»ú¶ÔÕÕÊÔÑé.Öйú¹ÇÉË, 2009, 22 (6) :438-441
[7]Õ²ºìÉú, ÂíÓÂ.ÖÐÒ½½îÉËѧ.2°æ.±±¾©:ÈËÃñÎÀÉú³ö°æÉç, 2012:5-6
[8]ÕÔÃ÷Óî, ±«ÌúÖÜ, ÕÔÆô, µÈ.»ùÓÚƽÀÖÕý¹Ç“½îÖ͹Ǵí”ÀíÂÛÍÆÄÃÖÎÁÆÏ¥¹Ø½Ú¹ÇÐԹؽÚÑ×ÁÆЧÆÀ¼Û.ÖлªÖÐÒ½Ò©ÔÓÖ¾, 2017, 32 (3) :1372-1374
[9]ÁÖÖ¾¸Õ, ½¯Ê«³¬, ³ÌÑÞ±ò, µÈ.̽ÌÖ¡¶»ÆµÛÄÚ¾­¡·“½î¹Ç”ÀíÂÛ¶ÔÖÐÒ½ÍÆÄõÄÖ¸µ¼ÒâÒå.ÖлªÖÐÒ½Ò©ÔÓÖ¾, 2016, 31 (7) :2491-2493
[10]Panjabi M.The stabilizing system of the spine:Part¢ñ.Function, Dysfunction, Adaptation, and enhancement.Journal of Spinal Disorders, 1992, 5 (4) :383-389
[11]Pope M H, Panjabi M.Biomechanical definitions of spinal instability.Spine, 1985, 10 (3) :255-256
[12]A.L.Kapandji.¹Ç¹Ø½Ú¹¦ÄܽâÆÊѧ (Ͼí) .¹Ë¶¬ÔÆ, ´÷Œ¡ÈÖ, ÕÔ½Ü, µÈ, Ö÷Òë.±±¾©:ÈËÃñ¾üÒ½³ö°æÉç, 2011:4
[13]Cholewicki J, Mc Gill S M.Mechanical stability of the in vivo lumbar spine:implications for injury and chronic low back pain.Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) , 1996, 11 (1) :1-15
[14]×ÞÅà.¼¹ÖùÎȶ¨µÄÉúÎïÁ¦Ñ§¼°Õû¼¹Ñ§Ë¼¿¼.ÊÀ½çÖÐÒ½¹Ç¿ÆÔÓÖ¾, 2010, 11 (2) :61-62
[15]ÕÅÒâç÷, ¼ªÑÒÖÒ, ³ÌÀö, µÈ.dzÎö¾±²¿¼¡ÈºÓë¾±×µ²¡µÄ¹Øϵ.ÖÐÍâҽѧÑо¿, 2011, 10 (1) :114-116
[16]Õ²ºìÉú, ʯӡÓñ, ÕÅÃ÷²Å, µÈ.»ùÓÚ“¹Ç´í·ì¡¢½î³ö²Û”²¡»úÈÏʶµÄ×µ¼äÅ̲¡Ö¢ÕïÖÎй۵ã.ÉϺ£ÖÐÒ½Ò©ÔÓÖ¾, 2007, 41 (9) :4-6
[17]»ù˼·L·Äª¶û, °¢Éª·F·´ïÀû.ÁÙ´²Ó¦ÓýâÆÊѧ.ÀîÔÆÇì, Ö÷Òë.Ö£ÖÝ:ºÓÄÏ¿Æѧ¼¼Êõ³ö°æÉç, 2006:455
[18]ÖÜÊ¿èÊ, ¶¡²®Ì¹.Ô˶¯Ñ§.±±¾©:»ªÏijö°æÉç, 2004:43
[19]Margareta Nordin, Victor H Frankel.¼¡Èâ¹Ç÷Àϵͳ»ù´¡ÉúÎïÁ¦Ñ§.Ú÷ÊÊ´æ, Ö÷Òë.±±¾©:ÈËÃñÎÀÉú³ö°æÉç, 2008:29
[20]·¿Ãô, ½ªÊçÔÆ, ºéË®×Ø, µÈ.¾±É켡Ⱥ¶Ô¾±×µ¼äÅ̺ÍС¹Ø½ÚÄÚѹÁ¦±ä»¯µÄÓ°Ïì.Öйú×éÖ¯¹¤³ÌÑо¿ÓëÁÙ´²¿µ¸´, 2008, 12 (15) :2847-2850
[21]Granata K P, Gottipati P.Fatigue influences the dynamic stability of the torso.Ergonomics, 2008, 51 (8) :1258-1271
[22]ÍõÓµ¾ü, Ê©è½, ÖÜÖؽ¨, µÈ.½î¹ÇÀíÂÛÓëÖη¨.Öйú¿µ¸´Ò½Ñ§»á¾±×µ²¡×¨ÒµÎ¯Ô±»áµÚÊ®¶þ´ÎѧÊõÄê»áÂÛÎļ¯, 2010:315-318
[23]²éºÍƼ, ·¶Ö¾ÓÂ, Öܳ¤¶·, µÈ.´Ó½î¹ÇÁ¦Ñ§Ê§ºâ̽ÌÖ¾±×µ¼äÅÌÍ˱äÄ£Ð͵Ĺ¹½¨¼°ÆäÔÚÊÖ·¨¸ÉÔ¤»úÖÆÑо¿ÖеÄÓ¦ÓÃ.ÉϺ£ÖÐÒ½Ò©ÔÓÖ¾, 2013, 47 (2) :5-7
[24]ÀîÀï, Ò¶ÓÂ, Àîϼ, µÈ.¹Ç½îÈâ²¢ÖØ˼ÏëÖ¸µ¼Õû¼¹ÖÎÁÆ̽ÌÖ.ÖÐÒ½Ñо¿, 2012, 25 (1) :12-14
 
À´Ô´£ºÖлªÖÐÒ½Ò©ÔÓÖ¾  ×÷ÕߣºÎâ־ΰ ËÎÅó·É ÖìÇå¹ã ¿×Áî¾ü ·¿Ãô ÕÅê» ËïÎäȨ ÁÖÖ¾¸Õ ÐìÉÆ´ï ÖÜöÎ ÂÀÖÇèå
Tag±êÇ©£º ¾±×µ²¡(97)

²ÂÄã¸ÐÐËȤ

×îÐÂÍƼö